The working capital standard for finished products is determined. Inventory of the enterprise. Optimal order batch size

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The stock norm of finished products in the warehouse (including goods shipped for which payment documents have not been submitted to the bank) is determined by the time required for selection, packaging, accumulation of orders to the transit norm, delivery to the departure station and execution of payment documents. The norm for shipped products for which the payment deadline has not arrived (products in transit) takes into account the time for processing payment documents in the supplier and consumer banks, as well as the time of the average postal mileage of payment documents to the consumer bank and back, including the acceptance of invoices.

The stock norm of finished products Tt is established in days.

In accordance with this, the stock norm of finished products is determined by the time: the product remains in factory warehouses, when it is subject to delivery to the finished products warehouse; performing transport and forwarding operations; registration of shipping documents.

A special approach to determining the stock norm of finished products is also required by such a form of service in which the supplier, in order to ensure high reliability and accuracy of deliveries under an agreement with the consumer, maintains part of the stocks of finished products on its territory.

This Methodology regulates methods for calculating stock levels of finished products (raw materials and materials) in ministries (departments) - suppliers, union republics, associations, as well as for manufacturing enterprises. A centralized calculation of sales inventory standards in ministries using computers is provided.

Working capital standards regulate the stock levels of raw materials, supplies, fuel and the stock levels of finished products. They determine the turnover and standard of their own working capital in rubles when drawing up a financial plan.

Even this incomplete range of factors indicates the need to significantly expand the elements of calculating the norms of finished product inventories.

The stock standard for finished products is equal to the product of the one-day turnover of marketable products, calculated at production cost, and the stock standard for finished products. The latter is set depending on the time for selecting types and brands of products, completing batches of finished products, packaging and transportation of products from the supplier’s warehouse to the departure station, as well as on the loading time.

The production cost of commodity output in the fourth quarter is known - 23,400 thousand rubles. and the stock norm of finished products in the enterprise warehouse is 6 5 days.

An important management task is to control the balance of finished products in the warehouse. Such control is carried out on the basis of finished product cards, which are opened in the warehouse for each type of product. It is necessary to establish the stock norm of finished products in the warehouse and monitor its actual availability. Large balances of products in the warehouse indicate failures in sales or irregularity in their arrival at the warehouse. In any case, you should carefully analyze this data and make timely decisions. There is a certain connection between the balance of finished products in the warehouse, the volume of product sales and profit.

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PROBLEM AND SOLUTION

In the process of economic activity, manufacturing enterprises acquire raw materials for the manufacture of products and goods for sale. Materials are stored in a warehouse before they are released into production, finished products and goods are stored in a warehouse before shipment to the buyer.

Both excess and shortage of inventory create problems. With an excess, storage costs increase; a shortage of basic materials and raw materials can lead to interruptions in the production cycle and a shortage of finished products in the warehouse.

Due to the lack of the required quantity of products, the company loses income, potential and actual customers. The costs of eliminating the shortage are growing: you have to urgently purchase the basic materials necessary for the production of products, or substitute goods, which are often purchased at inflated prices, since in this situation there is no time to search for cheaper ones.

To keep losses to a minimum, you need to calculate inventory standards.

ENTERPRISE INVENTORIES

In accordance with clause 2 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for inventories” (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06/09/2001 No. 44n (as amended on 05/16/2016), for accounting purposes Inventories include:

production inventories;
storage container material assets in stock;
goods purchased for sale;
material assets used for the economic needs of the organization;
finished products.

Industrial stocks— these are raw materials and materials, spare parts and components, semi-finished products used in main and auxiliary production.

Finished products— material assets produced at the enterprise, which have gone through all stages of processing, are fully equipped, delivered to the warehouse in accordance with the approved procedure for their acceptance and are ready for sale.

Goods are material assets acquired from other organizations intended for sale.

PLEASE NOTE

Accounting for inventories in the warehouse is carried out in natural and cost units by batches, item numbers, groups, etc.

Inventories are acquired and created for:

ensuring production activities (stocks of raw materials, semi-finished products);
sales (inventories of finished products, goods for sale);
the needs of auxiliary production (for example, spare parts and components for equipment repair);
provision of administrative and management activities (stationery, office equipment, etc.).

Inventory structure

The company's reserves can be divided into three main groups:

main stock;
temporary stock;
forced reserve.

Main stock serves to ensure production activities (raw materials) and sales (goods and finished products) and consists of several parts:

current stock of raw materials and materials— necessary to fulfill the plan for the production of finished products, focused on consumer demand. The size of this stock depends on the technological cycle of product manufacturing;
current inventory(goods and finished products) - designed for the normal functioning of the sales process, timely implementation of the plan for the sale of finished products and goods. For manufacturing companies, its size depends on the sales time, frequency of deliveries, for trade organizations - on what batches of goods are received from the supplier, as well as on the frequency and time of its delivery;
safety stock of raw materials and materials— needed in order to compensate for the uncertainties associated with the production process (for example, when releasing defective products, be able to quickly eliminate defects or produce high-quality products instead of defective ones);
safety stock of finished products and goods— focused on organizing extraordinary deliveries.

Temporary inventory is an excess stock that is created for a specific period and consists of three main types:

seasonal stock - formed during the period of seasonal growth of consumption on the market (during the season it should be sold);
marketing stock - is formed during the period of marketing promotions (during the promotions this stock is sold);
opportunistic - they mainly create trading organizations in order to gain additional profit due to the difference between the old and new purchase prices (the company retains part of the goods previously purchased at a lower price, and when prices for goods from suppliers increase, it throws it onto the market).

Forced stock occurs when the warehouse is stocked. This includes illiquid goods (goods of normal quality, but in a volume that is difficult to sell quickly).

The required level of production and sales is ensured only by the main stock, so we will calculate the standards specifically for it.

When rationing inventories, the following conditions should be taken into account:

frequency of inventory acquisition, volumes of delivery lots, possible trade credits;
sales of finished products (changes in sales volumes, price discounts, state of demand, development and reliability of the dealer network);
technology of the production process (duration of the preparatory and main processes, features of production technology);
costs of storing inventory (warehouse costs, possible spoilage, freezing of funds).

CALCULATION OF STANDARD LEVEL OF FINISHED PRODUCTS

Finished goods inventories- these are finished products stored in warehouses and shipping areas, as well as loaded into vehicles, for which shipping documents have not been issued.

— the required minimum of inventory items (TMV), which is important to have in stock at all times. The stock norm of finished products must ensure the implementation of the plan for the sale of finished products for a certain period. If the volumes of finished products are higher than the calculated standard, this indicates the ineffectiveness of the distribution of financial flow in the enterprise. When the actual balances of finished products in the warehouse are lower than the standard balances, interruptions occur in the shipment of goods to customers. As a result, the company loses potential customers.

Certain types of products are produced in batches. Their records are kept for each batch. Some types of products are delivered to warehouses individually. Accordingly, they are taken into account according to nomenclature items.

PLEASE NOTE

When finished products arrive at the warehouse, they can be valued at actual cost or at planned (accounting) prices.

Delivery conditions are determined in the supply agreement. It indicates the volume, assortment, price, delivery conditions, and delivery times for products to the buyer. Therefore, when rationing the stock of finished products, special attention should be paid to sales volumes, delivery schedules and delivery conditions defined in contracts.

When calculating the stock norm of finished products in a warehouse, the main criterion is sales volume. Important point: When calculating finished product inventory standards, it is necessary to take into account the time for loading, completing batches of finished products, packaging, delivery to the buyer, transportation and unloading.

NOTICE

The standard for the balance of finished products in the warehouse is calculated by multiplying the average daily quantity of finished products received from production by the standard time in a day.

To calculate the standard for finished product balances use:

data financial statements about the balances of finished products;
data on the planned volumes of finished products;
time standards for storage and warehouse operations;
time standards for pre-sale preparation;
the total volume of sales of finished products for the planning period (year, quarter or month).

Calculation of the standard stock of finished products in the warehouse

Stage 1.

We calculate the receipt of finished products at the warehouse for the planned period. The planning period can be a year, a quarter or a month. Knowing the arrival of finished products at the warehouse during the planning period, you can determine the average daily volume of finished products.

Volume of finished products arriving at the warehouse in the planning period (RP) is calculated using the formula:

RP = TP + GP n - GP k,

where TP is finished commodity products sold externally;

GP n - residues not products sold at the beginning of the planning period;

GP k - balances of unsold products at the end of the planning period.

Stage 2.

We determine the average daily volume of finished products arriving at the warehouse. The period is counted in days. For calculations, we take a month, a quarter, a year (30, 90 and 360 days, respectively).

The calculation of the average daily volume of finished products arriving at the warehouse is as follows: the total volume of product receipts for the planning period is divided by the number of days of the billing period.

Calculation formula:

RP av/s = RP / T,

where RP av/s is the average daily volume of finished products arriving at the warehouse;

RP - the volume of finished products received at the warehouse in the planning period;

T— planning period in days.

PLEASE NOTE

On at this stage calculations are made in physical measurements, therefore, for products that have different units of measurement (for example, pieces, kilograms, meters), the average daily volume must be determined separately for each unit of measurement.

Stage 3.

We determine the standard time during which finished products are in the warehouse from the moment of receipt until the moment of shipment.

To find out the time standard, you should summarize all the time standards established for warehouse operations: sorting, warehousing, packaging, labeling of finished products, for picking goods for each customer or consignee. Important detail: All listed time standards for the purpose of calculating the finished product standard must be expressed in days.

Calculation formula:

N gp = N preg + N current,

where N gp is the time standard for finished product inventories;

N preg - time standard for preparatory operations;

N tech is the time standard for current storage.

The time limit for preparatory operations includes time for:

acceptance of finished products and their storage;
completing a batch of finished products;
packaging and labeling;
delivery of products to the loading station;
waiting for vehicles and loading products;
delivery of cargo and preparation of shipping documents.

Stage 4.

We calculate the standard stock of finished products in natural units. Calculation formula:

NRP = N gp × RP sr/s,

where NRP is the stock norm of finished products in physical terms;

N gp - time standard for finished product inventories, days;

RP avg - the average daily quantity of incoming finished products in natural units.

Stage 5.

The stock standard for finished products, expressed in physical terms, is converted into monetary terms. To do this, we multiply the resulting standard by the average accounting price of one unit of production.

Registration price— this is the price at which finished products are accounted for in the warehouse (can be accounted for at actual cost or at planned cost).

EXAMPLE 1

A manufacturing company produces piece goods. Warehouse accounting is maintained by item items. Products arrive at the warehouse at a planned price, which is 1,500 rubles. per piece. The planning period is a quarter.

Need to calculate finished stock standardproducts in the first quarter of 2017. This quarter, the sales department plans to ship 1,600 products to customers. In the future, it was decided to increase the expected sales volume to 2,000 products per quarter.

According to accounting data, the balance of finished products at the end of the fourth quarter of 2016 amounted to 260 pcs. The company's management considered that the permissible volume of products in the warehouse at the end of each quarter should be no more than 15 % from sales volume in the next quarter. Therefore, to calculate the finished product standard, it was decided to take the balance of finished products at the end of the first quarter of 2017 as 300 pcs. (2000 pcs. × 15%).

Before shipment to the buyer, products are stored in the warehouse for an average of 8 days. The time required for pre-sale preparation (sorting, packaging) is 0.5 days, delivery to the buyer is 1 day.

1. Let's calculate planned release of finished products in the first quarter2017. in natural units. To do this, we add up the balance of finished products in the warehouse at the beginning of the first quarter and the planned volume of product sales in this quarter, and from the resulting amount we subtract the balance of finished products at the end of the first quarter.

The output of finished products will be:

260 pcs. + 1600 pcs. - 300 pcs. = 1560 pcs.

2. Let us determine the average daily volume of finished products arriving at the warehouse. To do this, divide the volume of finished products produced in the first quarter by the number of days in the planning period. Our planning period is a quarter, which means we divide it into 90 days:

1560 pcs. / 90 days = 17.33 pcs.

The warehouse must receive 17 items daily.

3. Let us determine the standard time during which finished products are in the warehouse from the moment of receipt to the moment of shipment:

8 days (storage in warehouse) + 0.5 days. (pre-sale preparation) + 1 day (delivery to the buyer) = 9.5 days.

The standard storage and sales time is 9.5 days.

4. We will establish a standard for finished product inventories in natural units. To do this, we multiply the average daily volume of finished products received at the warehouse by the standard storage and sales time calculated above:

17 pcs. × 9.5 days = 161.5 pcs.

Finished product inventory standard — 162 pcs.

5. Let us determine the stock standard for finished products in total terms. To do this, we multiply the resulting stock standard in quantitative terms by the accounting price at which the released products are received at the warehouse:

162 pcs. × 1500 rub. = 243,000 rub.

The stock standard for finished products in monetary terms is 243 thousand. rub.

Important point: The stock level of finished products can be determined based on the frequency of product deliveries to the customer. Buyers purchase the required quantity of goods from the manufacturing company, and it replenishes sold-out stocks to the target level at a certain frequency.

EXAMPLE 2

A manufacturing company has product “A” in its finished goods warehouse, which is sold within two weeks. The company determined the average sales volume based on the sales of the most recent quarter.

In the previous quarter, an average of 300 items were shipped to customers in two weeks, that is, 300 items. is the average volume of product consumption over two weeks. The company accepted the permissible deviation from the average as ±50 pcs.

Accordingly, the target replenishment level will be 350 units. (300 + 50) plus safety stock, which is 20% of the target stock and is equal to 70 pcs. (350 pcs. × 20%). From here stock standard product "A":

350 pcs. + 70 pcs. = 420 pcs.

So, the standard stock level for product “A” has been established, the control period is two weeks. As a result of the sale of goods during the first two weeks of April, its stock according to data warehouse accounting drops to 300 pcs. (current level).

After two weeks, the current stock is compared with the standard one and it turns out that to replenish the stock to the standard level 120 pieces need to be produced. goods (420 - 300) in two weeks. For the remaining two weeks of April, the current product level is 250 pieces. Consequently, another 170 pieces are needed to reach the standard level. (420 - 250).

Availability of goods or finished products above the norm is considered surplus. Excess inventory may be movable, but it is too large. Then the volume of purchases or the volume of production of such goods decreases.

Excess inventory may have a slow turnover rate. In this case, you need to reduce the price and stimulate sales (for example, provide discounts). It happens that excess goods are not sold at all. If the product has not been consumed in three to four months, then it falls into the category of “dead” goods.

DETERMINING THE STANDARD LEVEL OF INVENTORIES

Rationing the balance of raw materials and production materials is just as necessary as rationing finished products in the warehouse. Due to a lack of stock of materials, the production process may be interrupted, and excess balance will indicate ineffective use cash(more materials are purchased than consumed).

The stock norm for raw materials and materials for production purposes is calculated on the basis of the finished product production program, the norms and frequency of write-off of inventories into production

When determining the need for materials for production, take into account:

technological process features
seasonality;
used production capacity;
labor resources;
automation of production processes, etc.

When rationing inventory balances, the storage time of inventory items before release into production, and the time required for acceptance, warehousing, loading, unloading, and delivery of materials to the workshop (production unit) are taken into account.

In addition to the main stock, designed to provide production with resources between two main supplies, it is possible to create an insurance stock in case of disruption of deliveries, defects and damage to inventory items, delays at customs, etc.

As practice shows, safety stock in most cases is 30-50% of the average level of current stock.

NOTE

Safety stock is not provided in the following cases:

the type of material reserves is not critical for production, that is, its possible shortage will not lead to serious consequences, significant losses or stoppage of production;

for irregular (for example, seasonal) supplies;

with pulse consumption, when short intervals of demand for oil reserves are interspersed with long intervals of its complete absence.

To calculate the norm of the main inventory of goods and materials, you need to know the total consumption of materials that will be released into production for a certain planning period. This expense is usually reflected in the costing of production. Let us recall that the planning period is determined in days (month - 30 days, quarter - 90 days, year - 360 days).

Knowing the total consumption of raw materials and materials for the planning period, you can determine them average daily consumption according to the formula:

P av/s = P / T,

where R av/s is the average daily consumption of inventory items;

P - consumption of raw materials and materials for the planning period;

storage time of materials;
the time required for acceptance, warehousing, loading, unloading, delivery of goods and materials to the workshop.

EXAMPLE 3

The cost estimate for the production of fertilizers stipulates that raw materials in the amount of 1200 kg. Raw materials are delivered regularly every 5 days. The company does not create safety stock. Accordingly, the standard inventory of material assets will be 5 days.

Let's determine the need (standard) for raw materials:

1200 kg / 30 days. = 40 kg/day. — one-day consumption of material assets;

40 kg/day × 5 days = 200 kg- standard requirement for raw materials between deliveries.

Suppose 1 kg of raw materials costs 100 rubles. Then the need for raw materials will be:

200 kg × 100 rub. = 20,000 rub..

We derive the general formula standards for raw materials and supplies (N s/m):

N s/m = T norms ×·S ×·C,

Where T norms - stock norm;

C is the average daily consumption of raw materials in natural units;

C is the cost of a unit of consumed raw materials.

The considered stock norm was determined only by the time the raw materials were in the warehouse, that is, the current warehouse stock. We did not take into account the time for delivery and acceptance of raw materials, for their preparation for production. Given this time stock norm in days (T normal) can be calculated using the formula:

T normal = T tech + T tran + T preg + T fear,

Where T tek - the current stock rate, that is, the time the material is stored in the warehouse from the moment it arrives until it is released into production;

T tran — time of delivery of raw materials to the warehouse;

T preg - time for receiving raw materials (weighing, packaging, storage);

T fear - time to prepare raw materials for production (weighing, preparing documents, delivery to the workshop, acceptance at the workshop warehouse).

Let the average time be:

storage in warehouse - 5 days;
transportation - 1 day;
acceptance of raw materials - 0.5 days;
preparation of raw materials for production - 0.5 days.

T norms = 5 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 7 (days).

The standard for raw materials, taking into account the time for their transportation, acceptance, storage and release into production, will be:

in natural units: 40 kg/day. × 7 days = 280 kg;
in total terms: 280 kg × 100 rubles. = 28,000 rub..

OPTIMAL ORDER BATCH SIZE

To ration raw materials and supplies, it is important to determine the optimal order batch size and delivery frequency.

The following factors influence the size of the order batch and the optimal frequency of delivery:

volume of demand (turnover);
transportation and procurement costs (delivery of materials to the organization, loading at the supplier’s warehouse and unloading at the buyer’s warehouse);
costs of storing inventory (rent of warehouse space; wages of storekeepers, losses from natural loss of property or losses from a decrease in its consumer qualities).

One of the most effective tools when calculating the required order size is formula for economically optimal order size(Harris-Wilson formula):

where ORZ is the optimal order size, units. change;

A— costs of supplying a unit of the ordered product, rub.;

S— need for the ordered product, units. change;

I— costs of storing a unit of the ordered product, rub.

Important detail: costs of supplying a unit of the ordered product ( A) represent the costs of supplying only one product item.

The average cost of inventory is calculated as the average cost at the end of the period for the last 12 months.

EXAMPLE 4

A manufacturing company purchases raw materials to make steel products. The cost of supplying 1 ton of scrap metal is 250 rub.., share of costs for storing 1 ton of scrap - 10 % from its average cost for the billing month (coefficient 0.1).

Cost of 1 ton of scrap metal - 10 rub., monthly requirement - 1500 t.

Another important indicator that ensures order continuity is the order renewal point.

Reorder point (T s) is determined by the formula:

T z = P z × T c + Z r,

where Rz is the average consumption of goods per unit of order duration;

T c — the duration of the order cycle (the time interval between placing an order and receiving it);

Зр - the size of the reserve (guarantee) stock.

Let's look at an example of calculating the order renewal point.

EXAMPLE 5

A manufacturing company purchases scrap metal. The annual demand is 18 000 t and is equal to the volume of purchases (the company uses scrap metal evenly). The order is completed within 7 days.

Let us assume for calculation that there are 360 days in the current year. Then the average metal consumption per unit of order duration will be:

R z = 18,000 t / 360 days. × 7 days = 350 t.

The insurance order volume is 50% of demand, that is, 50% of the material consumption for manufacturing the order:

350 t × 50% = 175 t.

Let's define reorder point:

T s = 350 t + 175 t = 525 t.

This indicator means the following: when the level of scrap metal stock in the warehouse reaches 525 tons, you need to place another order to the supplier.

The amount of finished goods inventories has a significant impact on the company's income.
Standardization of warehouse stocks allows for efficient use of funds.
Rationing of finished products helps to avoid overstocking of the warehouse or shortage of commercial products, which can lead to the loss of potential customers and worsen the company's image.

Current stock designed to provide production with material resources between two subsequent deliveries. This is the main type of stock, the most significant value in the OBS norm. The current stock in days is determined by the formula:

where C p is the cost of delivery;

I is the interval between deliveries.

The current stock standard is calculated using the formula:

Z tek = R day * I,

Safety stock arises as a result of a delay in delivery. In days is determined by the formula:

Zst = Zte*50%

Safety stock standard:

Z page = R day * (I f - I pl) * 0.5 or Z page = R day * Z page day * 0.5,

where (I f - I pl ) – gap in the supply interval.

Transport stock is created at enterprises for those deliveries for which there is a gap between the timing of receipt of payment documents and materials. It is defined as the excess of cargo turnover time (time of delivery of goods from the supplier to the buyer) over the document flow time.

The transport stock standard is calculated using the formula:

Ztr = R day * (I f - I pl) * 0.5 or Z page = R day * Z workday * 0.5,

where Z tr.dn is the norm of transport stock, days.

Technological stock- time required to prepare materials for production. The technological stock standard is determined by the formula:

Z those = (Z tech + Z str + Z tr) * To those

where K tech is the technological reserve coefficient, %. It is established by a commission of representatives of the supplier and consumer.

Preparatory stock is established on the basis of technological calculations or by means of timing.

25. Indicators of effective use of working capital and ways to accelerate turnover.

The efficiency of using working capital is characterized by a system of indicators. The most important criterion for the intensity of use of working capital is the speed of their turnover. The shorter the period of turnover of funds and the less they are at various stages of turnover, the more efficiently they are used, the more funds can be directed to other purposes of the enterprise, the lower the cost of production.

The efficiency of using working capital is characterized by the following indicators.

Working capital turnover ratio(Kob) shows the number of revolutions made by working capital during the analyzed period (quarter, half-year, year). It is calculated as the ratio of the volume of products sold to the average balance of working capital for the reporting period:

The higher the turnover ratio, the more efficiently the company uses working capital.

It is clear from the formula that an increase in the number of turnover indicates either an increase in the volume of products sold with a constant balance of working capital, or the release of a certain amount of working capital with a constant sales volume, or characterizes a situation where the growth rate of sales volume exceeds the growth rate of working capital. The acceleration or deceleration of turnover of working capital is determined by comparing the actual turnover ratio with its value according to the plan or for the previous period.

Duration of one revolution in days shows how long it takes for working capital to complete a full turnover, i.e., return to the enterprise in the form of revenue from sales of products. calculated by dividing the number of days in the reporting period (year, half-year, quarter) by the turnover ratio:

Substituting its formula instead of the turnover ratio, we get:

in the practice of financial calculations, to simplify the calculation of the duration of one revolution, the number of days in a month is taken to be 30, in a quarter – 90, in a year – 360.

Load factor of funds in circulation characterizes the amount of working capital advanced per ruble of revenue from product sales. By analogy with the capital intensity of fixed assets, this indicator represents the working capital intensity, i.e. the cost of working capital (in kopecks) per ruble of products sold:

The load factor is the inverse of the turnover ratio, which means that the lower the load factor of funds in circulation, the more efficiently the working capital is used in the enterprise.

In addition to those discussed general indicators turnover of working capital, to identify specific reasons for changes in overall turnover, indicators of private turnover are determined, which reflect the degree of use of working capital at each stage of the circulation and for individual elements of working capital (calculated similarly to the above formulas).

26. Labor market. Labor resources Types of employment (full-time, part-time, hidden,