A story about the proverb: everything has its time. Short stories with proverbs. Read and listen. Stories about proverbs

Short story-essays ending with a proverb are often assigned to children by teachers at school. How to write such a story yourself? Examples of essays of this kind are given below.

The story “About a seed”
Author of the story: Iris Review

Listen to the story

One day Masha and Vanya found a small seed. It couldn’t speak, and the guys didn’t know what could grow out of it. They were still in elementary school, and they had not yet had to deal with seeds. Grandfather once read them a fairy tale about a tiny magic seed from which a golden spikelet grew. The guys really wanted to know what would grow from the found seed, and they asked their grandfather about it. But grandfather didn't know. The next morning Masha and Vanya came up with this. They took a small cloth, wet it with warm water and put a seed in it so that the sprout would hatch as quickly as possible. The sprout appeared quite quickly, and the children planted it in the ground. All the time while the days were warm, they ran and checked how the plant was feeling, not forgetting to water it. And grandfather said that there is no need to rush things, and reminded the Russian proverb: “Everything in due time: the time will come, and the seed will grow.”

Story "Helpers"
Author of the story: Iris Review

Listen to the story

The day off was gray and boring. I didn't want to do anything. At first Mishka and I dreamed, then we tried to do our homework. But we decided to leave this matter until tomorrow. The game also somehow didn’t go well. We lost a piece in chess and spent a long time looking for it around the apartment. But she didn't get caught. Then we sat on the sofa, and it seemed to both of us that we felt somehow wrong.

Mom invited us to help her tidy up the balcony. It was not interesting, but we agreed. It was necessary to put things in order in the instruments, building materials remaining after the renovation, and carefully put away the old toys. How can you make sure everything is compact and beautiful? Mishka and I spent a long time thinking about what and how to put it. Finally the balcony was tidied up. The mood became wonderful, but about headache we completely forgot. And my mother told us: “A person gets sick from laziness, but from work he gets healthy.”

About helping mom

Help for the mother from the children is necessary. Mom is a person who needs to do a hundred things: cook food, clean up the apartment, collect the harvest at the dacha, tidy up personal plot, work with the children, wash, iron... But mom also works! In these conditions, the help of children is vital. And children are accustomed to work. Look carefully at your mothers: maybe they need your help?

Address: Moscow, st. Krasnoarmeyskaya, 30b.

STORY PROVERB

Gulyaeva Masha (8 years old)

WHAT YOU SOW IS WHAT YOU REAP

Walked lesson... Misha sat at the table, looked out the window longingly and chewed on his pen. The teacher prevented me from dozing: what is he talking about? - he excitedly told the story, constantly asking the class: “Is everything clear?” All , except for Misha, they were worried, clarified the information, and some even wrote down for the teacher - after all, the test was in 3 days! But Misha didn’t care about anything, he believed that how- something (badly - poor!) will be able to write a paper. Three is enough! Eh, I wish there was a change! Only then does it begin real life: You can run, scream, play around! And the lessons are boring! “Write down... Analyze... Think about it...” Tired of thinking! Misha got itGameboy, habitually blocked him with a textbook and began to play, completely disconnected from the lesson. He came up with this trick a long time ago: the game was constantly lying on the table, only the textbooks that blocked it were changed.

Tr - r - r! Call! Hooray!!! Misha flew out of the class with a roar, without even hearing that the teacher asked him to come back and write down the assignment.

...Three days have passed. Only on the way to school did Misha remember about the test! But he doesn’t remember anything, he doesn’t know anything!!! How can you come to school with such sawdust in your head?! And what will he write on the test?.. On the subway, he took out a textbook from his briefcase and began flipping through it furiously. Which - those are incomprehensible formulas! How to use them? Or maybe they won't be needed on the test? Maybe you'll get lucky?! "How - I’ll get out of it somehow,” - Misha decided and even cheered up.

...But they gave it away test work. Misha looked at the questions, tried to remember at least something - then, but even what he taught was completely erased from memory! Misha sadly looked at his watch - 20 minutes had already passed since the lesson! Well, how could he?! How?!!! And why, instead of listening to the teacher, did he play? 25 minutes, 30 minutes... Time passed so quickly! The teacher noticed Misha's wandering gaze. He came up, looked at Misha’s work, sighed and said: “Yes, Misha, what goes around comes around.”

SOKOLOV IGOR (10 years old)

ONE WITH A BID, AND SEVEN WITH A SPOON

The month of August is time to harvest. And so the grandfather asked his grandchildren to help harvest the harvest, and he had three grandchildren.

Asks first:

- Van, help me dig up some potatoes here!

No, grandpa, I’m kind of tired.

Grandfather dug it himself.

- Andryush, help me collect the cabbage!

- No, grandpa, I want to sleep.

Grandfather assembled it himself.

We need to remove apples from the trees, so the grandfather asks his third grandson:

- Vova, help me pick the apples from the tree!

- Oh, grandpa, my stomach hurts!

I picked the apples myself.

Grandfather brings the harvest to the house, and the guys swoop in:

- Delicious apples! - Vova shouts.

- Nice cabbage! - Andrey praises.

- And what potatoes! - Vanya is happy.

And grandfather is silent, and then says: “It turns out I was working, and you are eating. What about work? The grandchildren felt ashamed.

Since then, the grandchildren no longer messed around and collected the harvest together with their grandfather.

BOLKVADZE TAMAZ

NOT ALL IS GOLD THAT SHINES

(fairy tale according to proverb)

Lived - there was a king and a queen. But suddenly the queen died. The king married someone else, she was beautiful, but evil. The king did not notice this because when she did evil things, the king was away on business. And so the servants began to complain about the queen. Then the king said to the servants: “I will find out everything.”

The next day the king announced that he leaves for a neighboring state and will be absent for three days, and he himself hid in the castle. Immediately after the king's departure, the queen announced: "I order that all old people and cripples be expelled from the country." Then she ordered all storehouses to be closed and no free bread to be distributed to the poor.

And then three days passed, and the king returned. The queen came out to meet him with an angelic, meek face - she began to cry and said: “My dear king! While you were away, your ministers tried to lie to me!” She complained: “They issued decrees in my name!” She cried and felt sorry for the old people, the crippled, the poor. Bitter, bitter tears flowed down her angelic, beautiful face. She asked the king to immediately execute the villains. The king just laughed and ordered the servants to expel the evil queen from the country.

For the third time he married a very ordinary and not very beautiful princess. She turned out to be a kind ruler, a wise queen and a loving mother. And every time the king looked into her kind eyes, he thought: “All that glitters is not gold.”

“If you hurry, you’ll make people laugh!”
There lived one boy named Igor. He was in a hurry all the time. At school, he solved examples quickly and incorrectly: 2+2 made him 5. And in Russian language class he wrote: “I have the most beautiful momo.” All the guys laughed for a long time, and then they came up with a proverb: “If you hurry, you make people laugh!” /Arkhishina Julia/

“Don’t have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends!”
Once upon a time there was a boy. One day he went to the store, and there they asked him: “Why don’t you go out with your friends?” “And money is more important to me than friends,” the boy answered.
One day he went swimming and began to drown. The children came running and saved him. And then he realized that friends are more valuable than money. /Markeeva Katya/

"Talk a little, listen a lot, and even more to be smart"
Once upon a time there lived a poor student. During class he talked all the time. And the teacher gave him a bad grade. He came home and his mother said: “Show me the diary! I’ll give you a chocolate bar.” Mom saw the deuce and said: “You will get a chocolate bar when you correct the deuce.” And he went to correct the deuce. And now he will no longer receive bad marks... /Vika Azmanova/

"The smart one is rich without money"
Once upon a time there was a stupid boy, and he had a smart brother. The stupid one wanted to become a billionaire. He asked his brother what should be done for this? Smart replied:
- If I knew how to become a billionaire, I would tell you.
“I’ll achieve my goal anyway,” said the stupid one. He asked his question to the teacher.
- Finish school, college, serve in the army. You need to study well. In the meantime, go to the blackboard. What is 60 times 5?
- Two!
- So get 2!
And mom said:
- We need to learn the multiplication table. Your brother got an A+.
- You just have to be an excellent student, and then, lo and behold, you’ll become a billionaire! / Dima Serebryansky /

"They reward you not for your beard, but for your intelligence"
Once upon a time there were two sisters: the older one was beautiful, but stupid. The youngest read a lot and took care of the house.
One day they went to visit their uncle, and on the way they were captured by robbers.
“Let me go,” the eldest cried, “look: what a beautiful dress, shoes, and handbag I have!”
“Leave with your beauty,” the robbers got angry, “guess our three riddles, then we’ll let you go.”
The younger sister guessed all the riddles, and the robbers let them go. “They don’t reward you for your beard, but for your intelligence” / Alina Stepanova/

"Don't rely on someone else's dinner, grandfather"
One boy was punished for getting bad marks - his mother did not cook him lunch. He went to visit a friend and had lunch there.
- Where have you been? - Mom asked.
- Away!
- If you want me to forgive you, sit down and think.
The boy thought and went to work on his mistakes. “To get good grades, you need to work hard” / Misha Kondrashov/

Once upon a time there lived a man. He decided new home build. And I was too lazy to clear the snow. When the snow melted, his new house fell apart. “You can’t even take a fish out of the pond without difficulty” / Daniil Bushuev /

"You can't take a fish out of a pond without difficulty"
One man was asked to paint a window in brown. He was too lazy to go get brown paint. He painted the window black. People came and said: “How ugly it turned out!” The man felt ashamed, he bought good paint and corrected his mistake. /Osipova Sofia/

3rd grade

Subject."Proverbs and sayings."

Goals. Replenish students’ active vocabulary with proverbs and sayings, clarify the meanings of some of them; develop creativity students, a sense of responsibility for the assigned work; teach children to independently search for the necessary information using various sources, work in groups, exchange information, maintain a conversation, be able to express their point of view and justify it; analyze and evaluate your own creative and business capabilities.

Stages of work on the project

Stage 1. Development of design specifications

Stage tasks– definition of the topic, clarification of goals, selection of working groups and distribution of roles in them, identification of sources of information, setting tasks, selection of criteria for evaluating results.

The class is divided into 4 groups that receive tasks:

group 1 – collect theoretical material about proverbs and sayings;

Group 2 – collect and come up with stories explaining the meaning of proverbs;

group 3 – find proverbs of the peoples of the world;

group 4 – come up with tasks for a quiz about proverbs.

Stage 2. Project development

Stage tasks– collection and clarification of information.

Students independently work with information individually, in groups and pairs, analyze and synthesize ideas.

The teacher observes and advises.

Stage 3. Evaluation of results

Stage tasks– analysis of the implementation of project tasks.

Students participate in preparing for the presentation of material in a presentation lesson.

Stage 4. Project protection. Lesson presentation

Stage task– collective defense of the project.

Students perform in front of classmates and the jury.

Performance of the first group.

Proverbs and sayings

It is difficult to say since when proverbs and sayings began to circulate among people. Undoubtedly, they arose in ancient times and accompanied the life of the people throughout their history. The attitude towards them was expressed in many sayings: “It is not for nothing that a proverb is said” or “A proverb will not be broken forever.” Many Russian writers were interested in proverbs: A. Pushkin, P. Katenin, I. Krylov. There are 120 proverbs mentioned in Pushkin's letters.

V.I. Dahl wrote that proverbs are “the color of the people’s mind.” M.I. Sholokhov called proverbs “a clot of reason,” “winged wisdom.” Proverbs color speech and make it figurative. The work of collecting proverbs begins in the 17th century - these were handwritten collections, their compilers are unknown. In the 18th century, proverbs were collected by Lomonosov, Tatishchev, and Bogdanov. The largest collections were by Knezhevich and Snegirev. In 1862, Dahl's collection was published, which included over 30,000 proverbs.

V.I. Dahl was born on November 10, 1801 in the city of Lugansk. The story of his life is very interesting. The son of a Russified Dane and a German woman, who only converted to Orthodoxy at the age of 70, is a sailor, doctor and official. But what need forced this man to undertake the colossal work of compiling a Russian dictionary, collecting Russian proverbs and sayings? After all, Dahl was neither a scientist nor even Russian by nationality. Although he wrote: “Neither a nickname, nor a religion, nor the very blood of one’s ancestors makes a person a member of one or another nationality. Whoever thinks in what language belongs to that people. I think in Russian."

Dahl was a pioneer. No one had ever compiled a dictionary before him. Dahl's Dictionary is a historical dictionary. It can be read back to back, giving an accurate picture of people's lives. Vladimir Ivanovich not only collected a huge number of words and expressions, but also accompanied them with many proverbs and sayings. This demonstrated the nationality of both the dictionary and the compiler.

Performance of the second group.

Stories about proverbs

There is a time for everything

Once upon a time there lived a boy, Petya Solntsev. He was neither smart nor stupid, neither an excellent student nor a poor student, neither lazy nor hardworking. The middle one was a little boy.

One day Petya was given a lot of homework. But he was so overcome by laziness that he first read a book for an hour, then watched TV for thirty minutes, and then went with his friends to play football. He played for so long that when he came home, he no longer had the strength, time or desire to do his homework. And Petya decided not to do them.

The next day, when the boy went to school, there was a test. Petya got a bad grade because he didn't study his homework at all.

At home, my mother said: “Everything has its time.”

Some people, when they are late for work, break the rules and run a red traffic light. For this, they are stopped by a traffic police officer and fined. And they are even more late for work.

Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends

Once upon a time there lived a poor artist. He had many friends. One day he got sick. He needed an expensive operation, but he had no money. Then all his friends brought money. The artist underwent surgery and recovered.

What other proverbs fit these stories?

What do they say about stubborn people? ( Found a scythe on a stone.)

How can one guard against a chatterbox and idle talker? ( The word is not a sparrow: if it flies out, you won’t catch it.)

What will they remind the lazy person? ( Laziness was born before you.)

How to encourage the timid? ( The eyes are afraid, but the hands do.)

How to calm a fearful person? ( Fear has big eyes.)

What will they say about the slow one? ( Julitta is coming, someday there will be.)

How will they hurry up the digging? ( Seven do not wait for one.)

Dramatization of the story

On Tikhaya Street there lived a Little Business.
And on Noisy Street lived Big Idleness.
The Big Idleness always boasted:
- Look how big I am! And you are small fry. You can't even be seen under a microscope.
Little Business remained silent and looked at the calendar: spring is coming.
– Are you still looking at the calendar? - Big Idleness did not let up. - Do you think the sun will get hot, the rain will pour, and there will be more of you?
Spring has come. Little Thing took a small spatula. I dug up a small bed and planted small grains.
Big Idleness took a large blanket, laid it out in a large clearing, took a large magazine called “Idleness Weekly” and rested.
And when small sprouts sprouted and magnificent flowers were born from them, all passers-by admired: what a aroma! They thanked Little Business and said: the spool is small, but expensive.
When the scent of flowers reached the Big Idleness, it turned dissatisfied on its other side and grumbled:
– And still I’m better!

U. What do you guys think?

D. A small deed is better than a big idleness.

Performance of the third group.

Proverbs of the peoples of the world

“Look at yourself three times a day.” This Japanese proverb teaches you to watch your behavior.

The Mongolian proverb “And a journey to ten thousand countries begins with the first step” says that any big business begins with a small one.

When an innocent person suffers, the Arabs say: “The sea quarreled with the wind, but the boat suffered.”

“Over-salting makes you thirsty.” This means that everything needs moderation.

Russians say: “Don’t dig a hole for someone else, you’ll fall into it yourself.” And the Ossetians say: “Don’t throw stones from a glass house.”

The French advise not to despair and say: “If you fail, start over.”

When Indians do not cherish friendship, they are told: “Do not rudely break the thread of friendship, for if you have to tie it, a knot will remain.” Russians will say: “You can’t mend a broken cup.”

If not only you, but also most of your classmates get a bad grade for the test, then it would be appropriate to use the Latin proverb: “The consolation for the unfortunate is to have companions in misfortune.”

“The word is silver, and silence is gold,” the Russian will say, and the Bengali: “Whoever talks a lot begins to lie.”

Exercise: correlate a Russian proverb with a foreign proverb.

Performance of the fourth group.

Quiz

1. Insert the picture into the proverb.

They don't look a gift in the mouth. ( Horse.)

When... there is a whistle on the mountain. ( Cancer.)

They chop - the chips fly. ( Forest.)

No... don't moo. ( Cow.)

Don't spit in... - you'll need to drink some water. ( Well.)

To the big one... - big swimming. ( To the ship.)

2. Collect the parts of the proverb.

- no matter how much you feed the wolf
- live forever
- you like to ride
- better late
– seven troubles
– for demand
- he keeps looking into the forest
- learn forever
– love to carry sleighs too
- than never
– one answer
- they don’t take money

3. Match the proverb to the illustrations.

Proverbs and sayings. 4

Proverbs and sayings in speech. 8

Conclusion. 14

References... 15

Introduction

The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer largely depends on how much he realizes what originality consists of native language, his wealth.

The Russian language is one of the most developed and processed languages of the world, with a rich book and written tradition. We find many wonderful words about the Russian language in the works, articles, letters, speeches of progressive public and political figures, outstanding writers and poets:

It should not interfere with the freedom of our rich and beautiful language.

(A.S. Pushkin)

You marvel at the jewels of our language: every sound is a gift, everything is grainy, large, like the pearl itself and, really, another name for the jewels of the thing itself.

(N.V. Gogol)

You can do wonders with the Russian language. There is nothing in life and in our consciousness that cannot be conveyed in Russian words. The sound of music, the spectral brilliance of colors, the play of light, the noise and shadow of gardens, the vagueness of sleep, the heavy rumble of a thunderstorm, the whisper of children and the rustle of sea gravel. There are no such sounds, colors, images and thoughts - complex and simple - for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.

(K. G. Paustovsky)

Not only the number of words, their polysemy, their word-formation capabilities, grammatical features, synonymy, but also phraseology testifies to the richness, originality and originality of our language.

The phraseological composition of the Russian language in a broad sense is divided into:

phraseological units or phraseological units;

proverbs, sayings;

catch words and expressions.

Proverbs and sayings

A proverb is a short, rhythmically organized, figurative saying that is stable in speech.

A proverb is the property of an entire people or a significant part of it and contains a general judgment or instruction for some occasion in life.

A proverb is the most curious genre of folklore, studied by many scientists, but in many ways remaining incomprehensible and mysterious. A proverb is a folk saying that does not express an opinion individuals, but the people's assessment, the people's mind. It reflects the spiritual image of the people, aspirations and ideals, judgments about various aspects of life. Everything that is not accepted by the majority of people, their thoughts and feelings, does not take root and is eliminated. A proverb lives in speech, only in it does a capacious proverb acquire its specific meaning.

Created over the centuries, passing from generation to generation, proverbs and sayings supported the way of life of the people and strengthened the spiritual and moral image of the people. These are like the commandments of the people, regulating the life of every common person. This is an expression of thoughts that people have come to through centuries of experience. A proverb is always instructive, but not always edifying. However, each has a conclusion that is useful to take into account.

Life changed, new sayings appeared, old ones were forgotten, but undeniably valuable things remained, having significance for subsequent eras. The wide distribution and longevity of proverbs was facilitated by the fact that some of them, losing their direct meaning, acquired a figurative meaning. For example, the proverb Two are afraid of a broken bow lived on for a long time, having changed the direct meaning to a figurative one, although the people had long ago changed their weapons. But there were also proverbs that initially appeared in a figurative sense, for example, the proverb to shoot at a stone - to lose arrows was never understood in the literal sense, and was attributed to different objects and phenomena. Whatever is said in proverbs is always a generalization. The figurative reflection of reality in the proverb is also associated with an aesthetic assessment of various life phenomena. That is why there are proverbs that are funny and sad, amusing and bitter. This is how V.I. said about this feature of folk proverbs. Dahl: a proverb is “a body of folk wisdom and superstition, it is groans and sighs, crying and sobbing, joy and joy, grief and consolation in faces; this is the color of the people's mind, the original state; This is everyday folk truth, a kind of law of justice, not judged by anyone.”

The form of proverbs is also peculiar. It is characterized by a rhythmic organization and a special sound design. The proverb is short, there are no unnecessary words in it, each word is weighty, meaningful and accurate.

So, a proverb is a short, rhythmically organized saying that has become part of speech and has an instructive meaning, in which people over the centuries have summarized their socio-historical experience.

A proverb is a widespread figurative expression that aptly defines any life phenomenon. Unlike proverbs, sayings are devoid of a direct generalized instructive meaning and are limited to figurative, often allegorical expression: it’s easy to hit the bullshit - all these are typical sayings, devoid of the character of a complete judgment.

In speech, a proverb often becomes a saying and vice versa. For example, the proverb “It’s easy to rake in heat with someone else’s hands” is often used as a saying “It’s easy to rake in heat with someone else’s hands,” that is, a figurative image of a lover of someone else’s labor.

Sayings, due to their peculiarity of figurative expressions, more often than proverbs, come closer to linguistic phenomena. Sayings have more national, national significance and meaning than proverbs. Sayings often have all the properties of linguistic phenomena. This is the expression to put a pig in, that is, to cause trouble for someone. The origin of this saying is associated with the military system of the ancient Slavs. The squad became a “wedge”, like a boar’s head, or a “pig,” as Russian chronicles called this system. Over time, the meaning attached to this expression in ancient times was lost.

In general, already in the 19th century, scientists drew attention to the fact that the proverb indicates the era in which it appeared. For example, the proverb Empty, as if Mamai had passed, which clearly indicates the time of the enslavement of Rus' by the yoke. Although there are much fewer proverbs dedicated to some historical events than expressions born in human life.

So, the main source of folk proverbs and sayings is precisely the life socio-historical experience of the people.

Some proverbs arose from artistic creativity: fairy tales, legends, anecdotes. These are sayings such as the beaten one brings the unbeaten, at my request, at the behest of the pike and others. Other proverbs originated from church books. For example, the saying from the Bible Lord Dade, Lord and Otya was translated from Church Slavonic into Russian: God gave, God took.

With the advent of secular literature, the number of proverbs and sayings increased; these are the so-called proverbs and sayings of literary origin. Especially great is the merit of Russian writers, who compiled proverbs and sayings based on folk ones. For example: Pass us beyond all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love (A.S. Griboyedov), At the Broken Trough (A.S. Pushkin), Like a squirrel in a wheel (I.A. Krylov) and many others.

The number of folk proverbs includes expressions not only from Russian writers. For example, the expression And the king is naked! belongs to the pen of G.H. Andersen from the fairy tale “The King's New Clothes”; the expression The shoes have not yet had time to wear out (that is, little time has passed since some event, and the person has already changed in beliefs and intentions), belongs to Hamlet, the hero of Shakespeare's tragedy.

The imagery of proverbs and sayings differs from the imagery of epics, fairy tales, songs and other genres of folklore. The principles of creating an image in a proverb and saying are related to the specifics of this genre. One of the common forms of expressing imagery is allegory. For example, the proverb “From an apple tree there are apples, and from a pine tree there are cones” is not taken literally, but in a figurative, allegorical form. However, some proverbs are used in the literal sense: They meet you by their clothes, they see you off by their intelligence.

The first collection of Russian proverbs and sayings that has come down to us dates back to the end of the 17th century. This is “The most popular stories or proverbs in alphabetical order.” The compiler remained unknown, but the collection included over 2,500 proverbs and sayings.

In the 19th century, a collection by V.I. Dahl “Proverbs of the Russian People”, which already included 30,000 proverbs and sayings, which were grouped by topic.

Proverbs and sayings in speech

The richness of speech is evidenced by the presence of proverbs and sayings in it.

Proverbs and sayings are clots of folk wisdom; they express the truth, verified by the centuries-old history of the people, the experience of many generations. “What a luxury, what a meaning, what a point in every saying of ours! What gold!” - this is what A.S. Pushkin said about Russian proverbs. “It’s not without reason that the proverb is said,” says popular wisdom. They express joy and grief, anger and sadness, love and hatred, irony and humor. They summarize various phenomena of the reality around us and help us understand the history of our people. Therefore, in texts, proverbs and sayings acquire special meaning. They not only enhance the expressiveness of speech, add spice, deepen the content, but also help to find a way to the heart of the listener, reader, and win their respect and affection.

Writers, publicists, and speakers often turn to pearls of folk wisdom. Researchers have calculated that only in the novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy there are 47 proverbs and sayings, in “Quiet Don” by M. A. Sholokhov - 112.

What function do proverbs and sayings perform in speech, what is the peculiarity of their use?

First of all, folk sayings allow the speaker:

Characterize a person, object, phenomenon, action, state: A cat smells whose meat it has eaten. They don’t eat the millstones themselves, but feed people. A formidable enemy is just around the corner, and a more formidable one is behind us. From a bow - not us, from a squeak - not us, but baring your teeth, scratching your tongue - you won’t find anything against us. To work is to while away the day; to rest is to spend the night. The heart is a prophet: it senses both good and bad;

Reveal the relationships between people: A stupid son cannot be made smart by his own father. Children are good for the father, crown for the mother, bad for the father, crown for the mother. The lords will twitch, the Cossacks' forelocks will shake. The well-fed cannot understand the hungry.

Give advice on what to do in a given situation, what you should beware of: Don’t open your mouth to someone else’s loaf, but get up early and start your own. Call yourself a milk mushroom - get into the back. Two dogs are squabbling, the third one stays out of the way. You made the porridge yourself, so you can sort it out yourself. Look for a friend, and if you find him, take care.

Proverbs serve as a means of characterizing a character, conveying his thoughts, feelings, and emphasizing his connection with the people. Indicative in this regard is the image of Platon Karataev, one of the heroes of the novel “War and Peace”. In his speech, most folk sayings are found (out of 52 proverbs in the novel, 16 are pronounced by Karataev). He talks about difficult life peasants: Our happiness is that the water is in delirium: if you pull, it will swell, but you will pull it out – there is nothing; Don’t give up your scrip and prison; about hoping for the best: To endure an hour, but to live a century; about attitude towards work, people, family: You can’t even kill a lice without gear; A persuader is a brother to the cause; A plump hand is tarnished, dry and unyielding; Whatever finger you bite, everything hurts; A wife is for advice, a mother-in-law is for greetings, and nothing is dearer than your own mother.

M. A. Sholokhov uses proverbs as a means of characterizing his characters. There are especially many of them in the speech of Grigory Melekhov, the main character in “Quiet Don” - 22 proverbs, i.e. a fifth of all proverbs in the novel. Proverbs give special color to his speeches and special significance to his judgments. For example: “They call us Denikin’s assistants... who are we? It turns out that there are assistants, nothing to be offended by. The truth is that the mother pinned her eyes..." "Go to your apartments and use your tongues less, otherwise these days they don’t bring it to Kyiv, and right up to field courts and hundreds of fines.” “A bad will is still better than a good prison. You know what people say: a prison is strong, the devil is glad of it.” Grigory Melekhov turns to proverbs and sayings when he wants to confirm, compare, convince the listener, or prove that he is right. This function includes expressions: What fell from the cart is lost. You can't glue a cut edge. You can't guess friends on the battlefield. Wherever you throw it, there is a wedge everywhere. Waiting and catching up is the most hateful thing. They took Sivka down some steep hills. The heat makes the stone burst.

Proverbs and sayings enliven a statement and create a certain psychological mood. In the excerpt below from a lecture by B.V. Gnedich, shorthand notes are given showing the audience's reaction to the lecturer's words.

There is one ancient wonderful saying in Uzbekistan. It sounds something like this: “Man, before you release words from the bottom of your head, let them pass through the top” (laughter, animation in the audience). IN in this case We are talking, of course, not only about the fact that you need to think before speaking, but also about the fact that you always need to think, and especially when it comes to spending funds that belong to society. And often we refer to these means too freely, easily and do not care about their rational use.

An effective technique is considered to be the technique of “stringing” proverbs, when several proverbs and sayings are used simultaneously. It was used especially often by A. M. Gorky, in individual articles and works of art in which there are from two to ten adjacent proverbs and sayings. Let us cite as an example Bortsov’s reasoning from the story “The Shepherd” about who is called a good person: “Okay, let’s agree: We need a good person. And what is he like, if he’s good? Let's put it this way: he doesn't rob people, gives alms, manages his household diligently - this will be the best. He knows the laws: don’t touch someone else’s, take care of yours; Don’t eat everything yourself, give a piece to the dogs too; dress warmer then trust in God“That’s what he knows.”

N. Ostrovsky, defining the essence of human life and calling for selfless work for the good of the Motherland, also uses several proverbs. He writes: “In our country, being a hero is a sacred duty. In our country, only lazy people are not talented. A from nothing nothing is born; water does not flow under a lying stone. He who doesn't burn smokes. Long live the flame of life!

To focus attention on a proverb, to slightly change its meaning and tone, writers and speakers sometimes rework the proverb, replace words with others, and expand its composition. For example, the proverb you won't be satisfied with promises in newspaper headlines it looks like this: “You won’t get enough of politics,” “You won’t get enough of riot police,” “You won’t get enough of slogans.” The proverb that a hungry person is not a friend to a well-fed one served as the basis for newspaper headlines: “A cucumber is not a friend to a tomato at all” (about growing vegetables under film), “When a goose is a friend to a dog” (about the friendship of a dog with a goose), “A hungry Rottweiler is not a friend to a pig” (like a pig killed a Rottweiler who tried to take her food).

The success of using proverbs in speech depends on how well they are chosen. No wonder they say: “A good proverb goes well.”

Today we have at our disposal a significant number of collections of folk sayings. Among them is the collection of V. I. Dahl “Proverbs of the Russian People”. Dahl, in his words, spent his entire life collecting “bit by bit what he heard from his teacher, the living Russian language.” This collection, the result of thirty-five years of work, contains more than thirty thousand proverbs, sayings, sayings, jokes and riddles. Proverbs are arranged by topic: Rus' - homeland, people - world, learning - science, past - future, etc. - more than one hundred and seventy topics in total. Here are some proverbs on the topic “Language - speech”: Don’t rush with your tongue, hurry with your deeds; Speak boldly for a just cause (stand boldly); For a great deed - a great word; Win with a living word; good speech is good to listen to; You can hold the horse on the reins, but you can’t take the words out of your mouth.

Compiled in the middle of the 19th century. The collection continues to serve today.

Rich in folk sayings and “ Dictionary living Great Russian language" by V. I. Dahl, whose dictionary entries contain about thirty thousand proverbs. For example, for the word truth the following proverbs are given in the dictionary: Truth is the light of reason; Truth is brighter than the sun; The truth is more often than the clear sun; Everything will pass, only the truth will remain; a good deed is to speak the truth boldly; He who lives by truth will gain good; Without truth there is no living, but howling; Don’t sue for the truth: throw off your hat and bow; True, do not be afraid of judgment; There is no judgment on the truth; Cover the truth with gold, trample it in the mud - everything will come out; The truth is what’s in the bag: you can’t hide it; In whom there is no truth, there is little good etc.

Thematic collections of proverbs and sayings are of particular interest. They help you choose required material on a specific topic. There are well-known collections of proverbs and sayings about labor (Without labor there is no good: Proverbs and sayings about labor. M., 1985), about agriculture(The land is rich in labor: Proverbs, sayings, catchphrases about agriculture and peasant labor. Rostov n/d, 1985).

In 1994, the Shkola-Press publishing house released educational dictionary"Russian proverbs and sayings." Folk sayings in it are united by topics: “Man”, “Life”, “Love, Friendship, Family”, “Prosperity”, “Trade”, etc. The originality of the dictionary lies in the fact that the dictionary entry combines not only the meaning of the entire expression , if it is not transparent enough, but the meaning of individual words is also clarified, outdated grammatical forms are combined.

It is important not only to know a certain number of folk sayings, but also to understand their meaning in order to correctly apply them in speech practice. The Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings, containing about 1,200 folk expressions, serves this purpose. The dictionary explains the meaning of proverbs and sayings that have figurative meaning, examples of their use in speech are given. For example, " Shooting at a stone only results in losing arrows. Doing something that is obviously unfulfillable means wasting time and energy. Wed: Pound water in a mortar and there will be water. ».

The sister treated this man's weaknesses with half-contemptuous condescension; As a woman who is not stupid, she understood that shooting at a stone would only result in losing arrows. (M. Gorky. Varenka Olesova).

The dictionary “Russian proverbs, sayings and popular expressions” by V. P. Felitsyna and Yu. E. Prokhorov is also useful. It contains 450 of the most commonly used proverbs, sayings and catchphrases. Here is a sample dictionary entry “Time for business, time for fun”:

Expression of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-1676), written by him on a book dedicated to falconry.

Fun (colloquial) – fun, entertainment.

Most of the time should be devoted to business, and less to entertainment.

It is usually said as a reminder to a person who, while having fun, forgets about the matter.

The training began, - now you can’t go on a visit... This was carried out very strictly with us; time for business, time for fun. During school hours, no entertainment, no guests. ( V. Veresaev. Memories.).

It goes without saying that I am not against entertainment, but according to the conditions of our reality, entertainment needs restrictions: “time for business, time for fun” (M. Gorky. About jokes and something else.).

Well, time for business, time for fun! - said the teacher. - It's time to take lessons.

Everyone began to sit down at their desks and take out notebooks and books. (B. Izyumsky. Scarlet shoulder straps.).

A cheerful view of the world does not contradict empathy and sympathy. Of course, according to the proverb - time for business, time for fun, we must distinguish when and in what matters this whole view is appropriate ( N. Akimov. About the theater)

Conclusion

A saying - from the simplest poetic works, such as a fable or a proverb, can stand out and independently turn into living speech, the elements in which condense their content; this is not an abstract formula of the idea of a work, but a figurative hint of it, taken from the work itself and serving as its substitute (for example, “a pig under an oak tree”, or “a dog in the manger”, or “he washes dirty linen in public”).

Dahl’s definition of “a coherent short speech, current among the people, but not constituting a complete proverb” is quite suitable for the proverb, noting at the same time a special and very common type of saying - a current expression that has not developed into a full proverb, a new image replacing an ordinary word (for example . “doesn’t knit” instead of “drunk”, “didn’t think of gunpowder” instead of “fool”, “I’m pulling the strap”, “all my clothes are two mats, but a festive sack”). There is no proverb here, just as there is no work of art in an emblem that has only a once-for-all meaning.

A saying, unlike a proverb, does not contain a general instructive meaning.

References

1. Anikin V.P. A step to wisdom. - M.: Children's literature, 1988. - P.175.

2. Arutyunova N.D. Types of linguistic meanings. Grade. Event. Fact. – M., 1988. – P.200.

3. Barley N. Structural approach to the proverb. // Paremiological studies. M.: “Science”, 1984.- P.214.

4. Begak B. The proverb is not in passing. // Preschool education.- 1985.- No. 9.-P.54-56.

5. Bromley Yu.V. Essays on the theory of ethnicity. M. “Science”, 1983.- P.283.

6. Vavilova N. S. Once again about proverbs. // Primary school.-1994, No. 3, P.68 - 69.

7. Vvedenskaya L. A. Proverbs and sayings in elementary school. - M.: Education, 1963 – P.120.

8. Dal V.I. Proverbs of the Russian people. - M.: Eksmo Publishing House, NNN Publishing House, 2003, - P.616.

9. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. T.1-4.- M., 1955.

10. Kabinetskaya T. N. Studying proverbs and sayings in elementary school: Methodical manual. – Pskov: POIUU. 1994, S.Z-51.

11. Tupitsina T.S. The proverb is a helper to all minds. // Elementary school, 1991, No. 7, p. 44.

They don’t beat you for your work, but give them rewards.

The iron would boil, and the hammers would be found.

Actions cannot be replaced by words.

Fight for a penny from work, be afraid of a penny unearned.

A fisherman sees a fisherman from afar.

The master's work is afraid.

Whatever you take on with diligence, everything will shine.

He who works enjoys it.

If you don't know how to sew with gold, you hit with a hammer.

The sun paints the earth, and labor paints man.

It's a small thing, but it screams loudly.

Not everyone plows, but everyone eats.

Gold is not gold without being under the hammer.

And he forges and blows - he doesn’t know what will happen.

Knowledge and work give a new way of life.

Such are the works, such are the fruits.

You can’t even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.

Where they build, they dig.

What is the labor score, such is the honor.

The harp is the same, but the hands are not the same.

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A significant number of proverbs were once directly adjacent to the story, from which over time they separated and began to exist independently. The process of separating a proverb from a story can be accomplished in various ways. It usually happens that first there is a fable or story, and at the end, as a logical consequence or as a bright living image, clothed in a well-aimed sonorous form, an expression is given that is subsequently destined to become an independent proverb or saying. It is impossible to draw a completely definite boundary between a proverb and a saying. A proverb is associated with the interest of the moment, with a number of previous thoughts in a conversation; a proverb in practice has deep meaning as an answer to an everyday question, as a saying of confirmation, evidence, conviction. The meaning of the proverb comes first, beauty and consistency come second. The latter play a major role in the proverb, which is thus a type of proverb in which the form takes precedence over the content. A proverb each time refers to a specific fact, is applied to everyday practice, a saying is applied to a word - it does not so much confirm the thought as color, flavor the speech, bring animation and playfulness into it. “A saying,” says Dahl, “is a roundabout expression, figurative speech, a simple allegory, a circumlocution, a way of expression, but without a parable, without application, judgment; This is the first half of the proverb. A proverb replaces only direct speech with a roundabout one, sometimes it does not name things, but conditionally, very clearly hints” (for example: he is smart - he is seven spans in the forehead).

Essay on the topic “About proverbs and sayings” On a free topicPage 1

« Speech is beautiful with a proverb».

Goals:

Summarize students' knowledge about folk proverbs.

Top up active vocabulary students with proverbs and sayings,

Clarify the meanings of some of them; develop students' creative abilities, work in groups, exchange information,

Maintain a conversation, be able to express your point of view and justify it; analyze and evaluate your own creative and business capabilities.

Equipment.

Poster with proverbs, “Book of Proverbs; cards with proverbs for each group, the game “Chamomile”, books with proverbs, TSO.

U. You will find out what we will talk about when you read these sentences. On the board:

- So what is it? What one word can we use to combine these sentences?

Children. Proverbs.

U. That’s right, and the topic of our lesson is: “The proverb is said for a reason.”

A proverb is a genre of folklore, a short wise saying with an instructive meaning.

In the proverb, the people's mind, the people's truth are wise judgments about life and people. The proverb teaches, warns, advises and instructs.

We divide the class into two teams (chips of different colors are given, children take one for themselves, and teams are formed according to the color of the chips.

1 competition

Stories about proverbs (each team will be read a story; they must be chosen according to the meaning of the proverb

There is a time for everything

Once upon a time there lived a boy, Petya Solntsev. He was neither smart nor stupid, neither an excellent student nor a poor student, neither lazy nor hardworking. The middle one was a little boy.

One day Petya was given a lot of homework. But he was so overcome by laziness that he first read a book for an hour, then watched TV for thirty minutes, and then went with his friends to play football. He played for so long that, when he came home, he no longer had the strength, time or desire to do his homework. And Petya decided not to do them. The next day, when the boy went to school, there was a test. Petya got a bad grade because he didn't study his homework at all.

At home, my mother said: “Everything has its time.”

Some people, when they are late for work, break the rules and run a red traffic light. For this, they are stopped by a traffic police officer and fined. And they are even more late for work.

Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends

What other proverbs fit these stories?

Small matter

On Tikhaya Street there lived a Little Business.

And on Noisy Street lived Big Idleness.

The Big Idleness always boasted:

- Look how big I am! And you are small fry. You can't even be seen under a microscope.

Little Business remained silent and looked at the calendar: spring is coming.

– Are you still looking at the calendar? – the Big Idleness did not let up. - Do you think the sun will get hot, the rain will pour, and there will be more of you?

Spring has come. Little Thing took a small spatula. I dug up a small bed and planted small grains.

Big Idleness took a large blanket, laid it out in a large clearing, took a large magazine called “Idleness Weekly” and rested.

And when small sprouts sprouted and magnificent flowers were born from them, all passers-by admired: what a aroma! They thanked Little Business and said: the spool is small, but expensive.

When the scent of flowers reached the Big Idleness, it turned dissatisfied on its other side and grumbled:

– And still I’m better!

U. What do you guys think?

D. A little business is better than a lot of idleness.

2 competition

Finish the proverb:

- What fell from the cart, then... (disappeared)

- Live forever,... (learn forever)

- Alone in the field... (not a warrior)

- Without knowing the ford, ... (do not go into the water)

- The master’s work... (afraid)

- When I eat, ... (I am deaf and mute)

3 competition

Remember the proverbs and sayings in which numbers appear.

(Try it on seven times, cut it once.

Seven do not wait for one.

Seven on the benches.

To sip jelly seven miles away.

Seventh water on jelly.

Don't have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends.

A mind is good, but two are better.)

4 competition

Which proverb of our country corresponds in meaning to the proverb of the peoples of the world, what do they teach?

“Look at yourself three times a day.” This Japanese proverb teaches you to watch your behavior.

The Mongolian proverb “And a journey to ten thousand countries begins with the first step” says that any big business begins with a small one.

When an innocent person suffers, the Arabs say: “The sea quarreled with the wind, but the boat suffered.”

“Over-salting makes you thirsty.” This means that everything needs moderation.

Russians say: “Don’t dig a hole for someone else, you’ll fall into it yourself.” And the Ossetians say: “Don’t throw stones from a glass house.”

The French advise not to despair and say: “If you fail, start over.”

“The word is silver, and silence is gold,” the Russian will say, and the Bengali: “Whoever talks a lot begins to lie.”

Match the Russian proverb with a foreign proverb.

Language will take you to Kyiv.

Away is good, but home is better.

Tears won't help your grief.

The morning is wiser than the evening. He who does not ask will not get lost.

Whether it's East or West, home is better.

One hour in the morning is better than two in the evening.

There's no use crying over spilled milk.

5 competition

Insert the picture into the proverb.

They don’t look a gift in the mouth. (To the horse.)

When... there is a whistle on the mountain. (Cancer.)

... they chop - the chips fly. (Forest.)

No..., don't moo. (Cow.)

Don't spit in... - you'll need to drink some water. (Well.)

To the big one... – great swimming. (To the ship.)

6 competition

Collect the parts of the proverb.

- no matter how much you feed the wolf

- live forever

- you like to ride

- better late

– seven troubles

– for demand

- he keeps looking into the forest

- learn forever

– love to carry sleighs too

- than never

– one answer

- they don’t take money

7 competition

Match the picture and the proverb

8 competition

"Guess the proverb"

U. So we’ll check how you can work together. I give each group two cards with words from proverbs. You must remember them.

Children receive cards with words and blank sheets of paper on which to write down proverbs.

Scythe is a stone. D. I found a scythe on a stone.

Shilo is a bag. D. You can’t hide an awl in a bag.

Language is business. D. Don’t rush with your tongue, hurry with your deeds.

The case is a master. D. The master’s work is afraid.

Labor is laziness. D. Labor feeds a person, but laziness spoils him.

Summing up the work. Scoring.