How to divide electrical wiring into consumer groups in a private house and apartment. Dividing the group into microgroups Distribution into groups and categories 13 letters

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After reading this article, you will find out how to correctly divide electrical wiring into separate groups and why should this be done at all?

Previously, in old houses there was one circuit breaker in the electrical panel, which turned off everything at once: all the sockets and all the lighting in the apartment.

The main consumers were a couple of lamps, a table lamp, a TV, an iron and an electric razor, and sometimes something else.

Nowadays, there are many more electrical appliances, and the requirements for modern electrical wiring have also increased.

Modern distribution systems have grown significantly in size, and their filling has also changed significantly.

Washing machines, electric water heaters, air conditioners, various audio and video equipment. Lighting is rarely limited to one lamp or chandelier under the ceiling - various lighting, sconces, built-in lamps are widely used, and besides, all this beauty is often .

In the modern kitchen, perhaps the greatest concentration household appliances: electric stoves, electric ovens, microwaves, dishwashers, steamers, multicookers, food processors, electric kettles and many other necessary and useful appliances.

In order to distribute the load, ensure protection and safety of operation, as well as for ease of use, electrical wiring is divided into groups.

For rooms and devices with a damp environment (so-called “wet” groups), it is necessary to install differential protection for a leakage current of 10 mA. It can be a bunch or a difavtomat.

For the remaining groups, differential protection is installed for a leakage current of 30 mA.

Lighting groups are made with a 3x1.5 mm2 cable and are protected by a 10A circuit breaker.

Socket groups are made with a 3x2.5 mm2 cable and are protected by a 16A circuit breaker.

Powerful consumers with a power of more than 3.5 kW (electric stoves, some types of electric ovens, etc.) are connected directly to the cable or through a special power socket using a cable of the appropriate cross-section (4 or 6 mm2), with the installation of a machine of the required rating.

Let's summarize.

Dividing electrical wiring into groups allows you to distribute the load, ensure protection and safety of operation, and make operation convenient.

In the event of an accident in one of the groups, the rest remain operational.

If repairs are necessary in one of the groups, you can turn it off and continue to use the others. For example, when repairing lighting, you can plug a light bulb into a socket and carry out repairs even in the dark.

It is necessary to calculate the current load for socket groups and lighting, and, if necessary, divide the group into two or more.

Dividing electrical wiring into groups leads to an increase in the size of the electrical panel, but significantly increases ease of use.

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Dividing electrical wiring into groups

​​​​​​​​It is important for any coach to have in his or her kit various techniques for dividing a group into pairs and micro-groups. After all, division is an excellent opportunity to further influence the dynamics of training. And the method of division can become a separate exercise, carry some content and even an opportunity for discussion.

I have collected both the most standard and original ways division.

Calculation. Division into “first-second”

The group stands in a line or in a circle and is divided into first, second, third, fourth...

This method can be decorated if the division is done on some foreign language. To do this, you can turn to a group; someone probably knows how to count in a foreign language.

Using the same principle, you can divide the group into fruits, such as oranges, apples and pears.

Division by quality.

The coach takes turns calling people from the group who have a certain quality.

For example, a group needs to be divided into 4 micro groups. First, the coach calls on the 4 bravest participants. (They can later be appointed captains). They stand facing the group. Behind them the captains (in a line) stand “the most beautiful”, their coach also calls them from general group. Next, behind the “beautiful” ones stand the “smartest”, etc. Variations of characteristics can be very different: the most creative, the strongest, the most creative. At the end of the separation, a few people will remain - the most cautious ones. They can be asked to choose their own group. This division allows you to gather people who are different from each other in each group.

Leader selection. Call participants according to the number of teams you need. They become captains and begin to recruit team members one by one from the general group.

Division according to arbitrary criteria. You can unite people into a microgroup based on one arbitrary characteristic, for example, by seasons, hair color, clothing. If the group is large enough to need to be divided into two subgroups, ask participants to stand in four corners. In one corner are those who were born in the spring, in the other, those who were born in the summer, etc. Next, combine the subgroups as you wish. It is important to geographically designate the place where groups will gather.

Cards or cards. There are several options here. If there are two groups, then they can be divided according to the color of the suit given to the participant. If it’s two, three or four, then simply according to the given suit, etc. You can use any cards to replace the cards.

Game "Atoms and Molecules". Each of the participants is declared to be a lonely atom wandering in space. Participants undergo “Brownian motion,” encountering other atoms and even undergoing mild collisions. But at the coach’s command, the atoms combine into molecules. The trainer names the number of atoms in a molecule.

Division into two or more characters. For example, Santa Clauses and Snow Maidens, wolves and hares, Tom and Jerry, Timon and Pumbaa, the fox and the bun, heaven and earth, gingerbread and cookies. on the king, prince, king and prince; on Athos, Porthos, Aramis and D'Artagnan; for hearts, diamonds, crosses and spades; for winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Multi-colored stickers. Participants stand in a circle and close their eyes. The coach attaches a colored piece of paper to each person’s back. At the coach's command, everyone opens their eyes. After which all participants must silently unite into groups.

"Sounds of Mu". The entire group turns into animals. First, the trainer must divide everyone into “first-second-third-fourth”, then assign each one to an animal. For example, the first become cats, the second become dogs, the third become cows, and the fourth become donkeys. The number of animals must be equal to the number the right groups. The task of the group, after the coach’s command, is to find their relatives. You cannot speak, but you can only reproduce the sounds of your animal. The group unites into a flock and announces its readiness.

It is possible that someone has some other interesting ways to divide the group. Share, friends!

American-born naturopathic doctor Peter D'Adamo published a book on nutrition in 1989, "Four Blood Types - Four Paths to Health." In it, the doctor claims that the processes of absorption of nutrients by the human body are directly dependent on his genetic code, and specifically on his blood type. Group differences were formed over a long period of time, while living conditions and climate changed, people mastered new products and technologies for their processing. According to D'Adamo's concept, nutrition according to blood groups will allow you to get rid of harmful ballast substances, excess weight, will regulate the work internal organs, especially the gastrointestinal tract.

For fifteen years, the doctor collected and processed information about the dependence of health on a person’s eating habits; his book was republished many times and is recognized as one of the most influential in the world.

Despite the fact that part of the scientific community does not share the views of the American doctor, his concept continues to win admirers. This method of eating by blood type is especially popular among those who want to lose weight and improve their health.

The oldest is . In primitive times, its representatives were hunters whose diet was based on the meat of wild animals. The glands of their digestive system actively secrete proteolytic enzymes and are most adapted to digest protein-rich foods.

It is best for people in the first group to consume beef, chicken, and turkey of average fatness, which optimally combines the quality and quantity of protein.

It will saturate the body with essential amino acids, phosphorus, iron, vitamins B and PP. Fish is superior to meat and meat products in digestibility. Fish oil is rich in vitamins A and D, so it is useful to include it in salmon, mackerel, fresh herring, sturgeon, and trout. The consumption of milk and dairy products for blood type 1 should be kept to a minimum; they are replaced with soy milk and soy cheese.

Grain products rich in gluten will also not benefit “hunters”; they are excluded from the diet. Light salads of kale and beets, spinach, sweet peppers, seasoned with olive oil will complement rich meat and fish dishes.

Most vegetables, and especially the usual potatoes, should be replaced with sweet potatoes, parsnips, turnips or broccoli. Walnut kernels and pumpkin seeds can be consumed as a source of vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

It arose during the development of agriculture and crop production. It is logical that vegetable products and cereals from cereal plants are ideal for its owners.

Meat and meat products will contribute to excess weight gain. Therefore, to compensate for the deficiency of essential amino acids, they include in the diet soybeans, peanuts and only occasionally can you eat lean poultry.

A variety of vegetables will help you lose weight: broccoli, kohlrabi, carrots, onions, pumpkin.

For complete absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, E, K, vegetable dishes season with olive oil. Fiber-rich oatmeal and buckwheat, bread from rye flour in the diet will improve intestinal motility. But high-calorie products made from wheat flour, baked goods, buns and pasta will have to be excluded - they will lead to rapid weight gain.

For blood type 2, pineapple, grapefruit, lemon, cherries, cherries, blueberries, blackberries, and cranberries are low in calories and rich in fruit acids.

After the development of hunting and agriculture, man began to need new lands. Migration processes began in territories with a northern, cold climate, domestic animals were tamed, and cattle breeding developed. At the same time, “nomads” arise. Their body is more hardened, has a stable immune system, and digestive system tolerates a variety of foods for the third blood group.

The fact that people who have it are practically not inclined to be overweight. The best thing for health would be to have a large amount of milk and fermented milk products in the daily diet of “nomads”.

Dairy products do not carry extra calories and have a beneficial effect on intestinal microflora and the formation of stable immunity. In addition, they are the main supplier of calcium to the body. Protein-rich foods include rabbit meat, lamb, cod, and eggs. You need to include a lot of green vegetables. Limit fatty pork, goose and chicken meat, seafood, and baked goods made from wheat flour.

They appeared later than the others as a result of the merger of all previous three groups.

For blood type 4, the diet should exclude all heavy and harmful products, they can harm the immune system and sensitive digestive system.

To lose weight, it is recommended to alternate intellectual work with physical activity. The main products for should be fish and seafood: trout, salmon, flounder, seaweed(kelp), shrimp, mussels, crabs. They are easily digestible, rich in iodine, phosphorus and contribute to the normal functioning of the thyroid gland.

For group 4, meat should be present only in small quantities (as an additional one). Milk and dairy products will help you lose weight fat people, especially in combination with green vegetables, pineapples, and oatmeal dishes.

In addition, there is a whole group of products that are included in the diet for any blood group. Meat products can be consumed by everyone without fear diet turkey. Salmon fish, whitefish, mackerel, and trout will saturate the human body with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and will prevent atherosclerosis.

A beet and cabbage salad seasoned with extra virgin olive oil is very healthy - this dish is high in folacin (vitamin B9) and tocopherols (vitamin E). From fruits, apples, figs and plums are suitable for everyone. This general diet is supplemented with individually suitable products.

Do not forget about a sufficient amount of liquid - about 1.5-2 liters per day. Pure still water is best. An unsweetened infusion of rose hips is recommended as a vitamin drink.

For effective weight loss, eating according to blood types is not enough, you should exercise regularly physical exercise. The load is chosen depending on the state of health. This could be morning exercises, jogging, swimming, or just daily long walks at a fast pace in the fresh air.

A fairly large part of the population still lives in old houses with electrical wiring that was created for light loads. Just a couple of decades ago, our parents used household appliances that included:

one lamp in each room;

refrigerator, TV, tape recorder, radio, permanently installed and connected to sockets;

several portable household appliances such as an iron, hair dryer and a small set of tools.

For these consumers, it was created, as a rule, protected by two circuit breakers or electrical plugs with an operating current of up to six amperes.

Modern household appliances have increased energy consumption, and their number in our apartments has increased sharply. Powerful vacuum cleaners, washing machines, electric stoves, heated floors, food processors, microwave ovens and other useful devices greatly facilitate our living conditions.

Even the lighting scheme consists of a varying number of general and local lamps, controlled from several places or remotely.

Therefore, the issue of modernizing electrical wiring and dividing it into groups to ensure safety and convenient use is of great importance.

What are the advantages of separated electrical wiring?

The method of isolating power lines for electrical appliances using separate lines allows you to:

improve their management;

simplify the consequences of destruction of emerging emergency conditions;

facilitate repair work.

Improved management

Using the wiring separation method, you can create sections of non-switchable equipment that remains in operation in cases required by the apartment owner.

The term “non-switchable” refers to equipment that is separated into a separate group and powered by its individual protections. In the event of an accident, they will eliminate the damage that has occurred, and if the owners are absent for a long time, for example, during a trip or business trip, you can turn off the power to all non-essential devices and leave them in operation, for example, a freezer with food and powered separately from other lines.

Due to this function, energy consumption is reduced and the convenience of its management is increased. When part electrical diagram works without load without load, then it can simply be de-energized for safety and economy reasons.

Emergency shutdown

Let's consider an unforeseen case of power failure, when, for example, the upstairs neighbors flooded or the home handyman unsuccessfully drilled into the wall where the wire passed, triggering a problem in the power supply circuit. Of course, it is automatically eliminated by the operation of the circuit breaker.

When the wiring is done using a single line, the light disappears in the entire apartment. It will remain without electrical supply for quite a long time until the electrician restores the functionality of the circuit.

The method of dividing electrical wiring into separate groups allows you to keep most of the electrical equipment in operation by disconnecting a single damaged line. At the same time, the search for a fault that has arisen is greatly simplified because the location of its formation becomes clear and there is no need to analyze the rest of the electrical circuit.

Repair work

If in old apartment All electrical sockets were powered, then if there was a need to repair or reconstruct the circuit in any one place, it was necessary to completely remove the voltage in the distribution panel. This caused the refrigerator to stop working, stop watching television, and even often forced residents to sit in the dark or by candlelight.

By connecting consumers in different groups to separate highways, the control of the operation of household appliances is solved differently: it is enough to remove the voltage from the area being repaired, and leave all other electrical equipment in operation.

When a malfunction occurs in the socket group, it is turned off, and using lighting circuits you can continue working with electric light and temporarily connect the necessary power tools to it.

If an accident occurs in the lighting network, then to carry out repairs, temporary lamps can easily be powered from the remaining lighting circuits.

Before starting work with electrical wiring, you should study existing regulations and carefully plan a new project for it.

Rules for forming consumer groups

Electrical wiring is created by separate mains powered by their own individual circuit breaker and. In this case, the following principles are observed:

1. for powerful household appliances such as hobs, electric stoves, washing machines and similar devices, separate lines are created. To power them, a 4 or 6 mm kV cable is used, and special power sockets are used as terminal switching devices;

2. each room with its own socket group is individually powered by a cable with conductors with a cross-section of at least 2.5 mm square. Since the kitchen contains the most energy-consuming equipment, increased attention is paid to providing it with food;

3. Individual chains are created for the lighting circuit, not connected to the power outlet group. They can be further divided into separate sections. They are powered by a cable with a cross section of 1.5 mm sq;

4. rooms with high humidity, such as a bathroom, toilet, kitchen, are connected with separate cables through an RCD with a sensitive response setting of 10 or 6 milliamps. To do this, at the electrical wiring design stage they are included in the “wet group” and calculated individually taking into account electrical safety standards;

5. The remaining rooms are protected from leakage currents by RCDs set to a setting of 30 mA. It is quite acceptable to connect several connections of the same type to one protection;

6. Each planned group is calculated based on current consumption. Cables and protection are selected for it. When the total power of devices exceeds reasonable limits that complicate the installation and operation process, they are divided into additional subgroups;

7. The number of sockets and switches in each room should ensure not only ease of use, but also. Consider this when purchasing new technology difficult, and spare electrical outlets will prevent such cases.

Electrical Circuit Planning Principles

Taking into account the specifics of human memory and the complexity of the upcoming work, before starting it, it is necessary to think through everything carefully and create a project on paper. To do this, draw up a sketch or drawing of all rooms to scale and mark on it the locations of electrical panels, all lamps with switches, sockets and responsible consumers.

You can use the developer’s drawings, as already described in the article. A similar plan is kept in the documentation of the housing and communal services.

If you have difficulty finding this document, then using a piece of paper, a pen, a ruler and a tape measure, it is not difficult to take measurements of the apartment’s premises yourself and draw a furniture arrangement plan on a sketch. Its location has a significant impact on the rational placement of sockets, switches, lamps and the ease of their use.

Then on this plan the locations are indicated electrical points and analyze the layout of wires and cables to them.

Specialized programs make it much easier to draw up an apartment plan and carry it out efficiently with strict adherence to construction designations. As an example, we provide a review of the free OnLine service Roomle.

Its location on the Internet and registration method are shown in the picture below.

All you need to do is enter your email address, create and write down a password and click the register button. The initial window of the service will open in front of you.

Start working with the “Create a new plan” item and continue with its simple design. The service has a sufficient set of tools.

The practical use of its functions is intuitive and does not cause difficulties. At the initial moment of opening its window, you will be provided with a training video to watch. We recommend that you study it, although you can skip it and return to it at any convenient time.

He shows simple techniques works that will help not only create a picture to scale and print it on paper, but also view its visual image in axonometry or 3D volumetric representation.

Possible layouts for laying electrical lines

All power cables are connected at one end to the apartment distribution panel. Moreover, along the input line, the voltage comes from the higher power supply panel, and all outgoing lines can be made according to one of three connection schemes:

1. radially from the common center to the periphery;

2. via a loop due to the sequential connection of all consumers to one common line;

3. in a combined way.

This scheme is best suited for separating wiring into groups of consumers and is characterized by increased reliability.

However, it requires increased consumption of cables of various sections. Due to this, the requirements for savings are not met, and the scope of installation work is further complicated.

In its structure, the scheme for sequential connection of consumers contradicts the principles of dividing wiring into separate groups, because it simply unites them with a common line, as shown in the picture below for consumers of lighting lines and outlet junction boxes.

In the old layout of electrical wiring diagrams for apartments and buildings, the loop method was considered the main available method. It allowed significant savings on the length of cables and wires. IN modern conditions Due to increased safety requirements, it is being abandoned, but individual elements of the loop are used for mixed connections.

This method combines elements of the first two options. It is most often used in modern apartments.

By correctly taking into account the power distribution of household appliances and thoughtful selection of cable and wire brands for them with protection from circuit breakers and RCDs, an optimal balance is created between:

reliability and safety of operation of the electrical equipment circuit;

costs of material and cash for its creation.

Features of installation of consumer groups

After the electrical wiring of the apartment has been completely planned and calculated, and a project for its installation has been created and the necessary material resources have been purchased, proceed to installation work. To do this, all the locations of electrical points are marked and drawn directly on the walls, ceiling and load-bearing building structures.

Then their location is clarified once again and the laying of electrical lines from the apartment panel is marked. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the heating, gas supply, water supply, sewerage and other vital technological systems laid in the apartment.

When carrying out work, it is necessary to comply with the following. They are designed for buildings constructed from all types building materials, including and . It should be noted that wires and cables can be laid in a closed or open way using different technologies and methods.